This course will begin with the response of Latin America to world eco- nomic expansion in the late 19th century, and the social changes, emerg- ing out of the interaction of Latin America 's economies with international economic trends, induced rapid urbanization, manufacturing capabilities, ideological change, social legislation, and the labour pains of incipient labour organizations. It will continue with the attempt by Latin Americans to redefine their nationality in terms of indigenous tradition, and indige- nous philosophies, and in terms of Marxist analysis, socialist movements, and in terms of their response to U.S. imperialism. The course will examine the long-term effort at import-substitution, industrialization, the problems encountered with that model, and the oil and debt crises of the 1980s onwards.