Coursework assignments submitted to meet coursework requirements in the Department of History must be adequately footnoted and have an accompanying bibliography.

Footnotes/Endnotes

There are several different reference styles which can be used except where a specific style has been stipulated. The point is to be consistent with the style which you choose to adopt.

The reference note aims to assist the reader in finding the source of the material used. References must be provided to direct and indirect quotes, statistical and empirical data, and the concepts and original ideas advanced by the various authors.

FOOTNOTES are placed at the end of a page. References placed at the end of the essay should be headed ENDNOTES.

The following are examples of the recommended style:

1. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (London: Andre Deutsche, 1975)

2. Joseph C. Dorsey, “Women without History: Slavery and the International Politics of Partus Sequitur Ventrem in the Spanish Caribbean”, Journal of Caribbean History 28:2 1994, pp. 165-66.

Please note that the title of the book and the title of the journal are to be underlined. The title of articles should be enclosed in quotation marks not underlined. You must provide the volume, the number or season, and the year of the journal cited. Always give the full title of journals. Do not abbreviate.

You may choose to omit the place, year of publication and the publisher of books from your reference if they are in your bibliography. If you choose to include them in your footnotes/endnotes, the above style should be used. You may also use Ibid when referring to the same work as that which you had cited immediately before.
Page Numbers

A reference or footnote/endnote is useless without a page number. You must provide in your reference the number of the page in the book or journal from which the quote or information referred to has been obtained. An exception is made when you are referring to books as a whole rather than to information from a specific page. In that instance your reference should read:

1. See Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. (Place of publication: Name of pub- lisher, year of publication optional).

This system may be used to refer to several books and your reference may be more elaborate. For example:

2. For further readings on plantation slavery in the British Caribbean see Edward Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770-1820 (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1971); Richard Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies 1624-1731 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1972); and Richard Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies 1623-1775 (Barbados: Caribbean University Press, 1974)

Page numbers should be given as follows:

1. Eric William, Capitalism and Slavery, p. 47

But in the instance of more than one page

2. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, pp. 53-57

Location of Reference (Footnote/Endnote) Numbers
Reference (Footnote/endnote) numbers are sometimes placed immediately following the name of the author of the work referred to. It is more consistent and less confusing if reference numbers are placed at the end of the sentence to which the citation refers.

Bibliography

All articles, books and other sources referred to in your text or in your footnotes/endnotes must be included in your bibliography. Do not pad your bibliography with references which you have not consulted or referred to in your essay.

In a bibliography, the author's surname should be given first and should be listed alphabetically. Note that the titles of books, journals and newspapers should be underlined in your bibliography. The place of publication, publisher and year of publication of books must be provided in the following style:

Mandle, J., The Plantation economy: Population and Economic Change in Guiana, 1838-
1964, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973).

Articles from edited collections should be cited in the following manner:

Levitt, K. and Best, L. 'Character of Caribbean Economy' in George Beckford ed. Caribbean Economy, (Kingston: ISER, 1975)

Note that in this instance the first name or initial of the editor of the book is placed first.

N.B. The use of information without citing the author and the source is PLAGIARISM and will be severely penalized.