Standardized  intelligence tests have been severely criticized for their biases against minority students (Cucarro 1996; Midgette 1995; Wool folk 1998). It is also argued that intelligence testing is not fair to individuals living outside the culture for which a particular intelligence test has been normed (cf., Callahan and McIntyre 1994). People from different nations, as well as those from subcultures within a country, place unique values on such factors as verbal fluency, speed in solving problems, or the ability to be precise even at the expense of being quick, that can influence scores from many intelligence tests.