Overview of Embedded Systems; Models of computation used in designing Embedded Systems: State Machines, State Charts, UML Specification of Embedded Systems; Hardware/Software Co-design Concepts; Organization of Embedded Systems; Embedded Inputs/Outputs: Characterization and Methods; Embedded Volatile and Non-Volatile memory dev ices; Fundamentals of Real-time theory; Scheduling executions of tasks; Realtime Synchronization and Implementation Challenges; HW/SW Architectures for real-time services; CPU architectural effects on Real-time performances; Architecture of existing embedded real-time OS: uClinux, uCOS, VxWorks, RTEMS, Windows CE.net, and ecos. Embedded Internet; Case studies: Applications of Embedded Systems in robotics, medicine and telecommunications; Development of software tools for Embedded Systems; Fault-tolerant Embedded Systems.