Twenty-three tongue biopsies were detected immunohistochemically for p16, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Ki67, and real-time PCR and chromogenic in-situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV). Evidence suggested that HPV infection plays a role in the pathogenesis of squamous dysplasia localized on the tongue, but not EBV infections.

The present study showed that hydronephrosis may be secondary to occult constipation. The hydronephrosis was resolved after the treatment with laxatives. Prompt diagnosis is instrumental to avoid unnecessary investigations and procedures.

This study showed that nowadays, relatively shorter pen needles compared with those previously used are recommended for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Currently, the available shortest pen needles for subcutaneous injections is 4 mm in length, each. Even when the shortest pen needle is used, the risk for intramuscular injection during subcutaneous injection is 50% in boys aged 6–8 years, while it is 25% in those aged 9–12 years and 13–17 years for each. It is 25% in all the three age groups among the girls. Smaller pen needles can help to achieve more accurate subcutaneous injections.