This article empirically examines whether and how remittances impact economic development in eleven Caribbean countries over the period 1975–2011. We employ the bounds test and ARDL framework to assess the existence of long-run relationships and causality, and adopt a countryspecific approach to accommodate differences among countries. We find evidence of heterogeneous long-run causal relationships in seven countries.

 
This article examines the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic development in thirteen Caribbean small island developing states, using annual data from 1980 to 2011. We estimate a multivariate model that includes environmental emissions and we utilise the Toda-Yamamoto approach to Granger causality testing to determine causal links in each country. We find evidence of four different types of causal relationships. These results have implications for heterogeneous energy policies in Caribbean economies.