The article argues that the ethnic security dilemmas (ESDs) form
the basis for a political economy channel of the natural resource curse. Strategic
 uncertainty of voters and joy of destruction (envy) of leaders underpin the ESDs:
most voters vote pro-ethnically, and leaders of one political party find strategies to
undermine the other. Control of government for the purpose of allocating resource
rents to favoured constituencies is the prize. This view is supported by a survey of

 
We study the effect of workers’ remittances on human development in developing countries and examine if the relationship differs across income groups. Using a dynamic panel estimator and a sample of 117 developing countries over the period 1980–2015, we find that remittances are effective in promoting human development and that the relationship may be dependent on the income level of the country. In particular, we find that remittances have a greater impact in relatively less-developed countries.